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• Exploration improves understanding of ocean systems.

• Ocean exploration provides opportunities that can lead to hypothesis-generated science.

• Ocean-resource use has increased substantially since 1970.
• sustainability requires understanding resource potential and limitations.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Attribute the resource-use baseline to the CFD; access and possible benefits do not guarantee sustainability or completed medical applications. Preserve remaining uncertainty about human impacts.

• Developing technologies enable mineral and biological resource use and energy production, including tidal, wave, and ocean thermal energy conversion.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Attribute the resource-use baseline to the CFD; access and possible benefits do not guarantee sustainability or completed medical applications. Preserve remaining uncertainty about human impacts.

• Advanced technology supplies data for better estimates and predictions of physical and biological phenomena.

• Data over time reveal ocean complexity and changing patterns, including noise pollution, weather, sea-surface temperatures, and dead zones.

• Previously unknown habitats and species continue to be discovered throughout the ocean.

• Exploring ocean organisms yields discoveries relevant to human health and ocean–human connections.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Attribute the resource-use baseline to the CFD; access and possible benefits do not guarantee sustainability or completed medical applications. Preserve remaining uncertainty about human impacts.

• Discoveries can benefit cancer research, new medicines, energy, and other human needs.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Attribute the resource-use baseline to the CFD; access and possible benefits do not guarantee sustainability or completed medical applications. Preserve remaining uncertainty about human impacts.

• Many negative effects of human activities on the ocean are incompletely understood.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Attribute the resource-use baseline to the CFD; access and possible benefits do not guarantee sustainability or completed medical applications. Preserve remaining uncertainty about human impacts.

• Exploration requires collaboration across careers, disciplines, countries, and organizations, including universities, research institutes, agencies, and private industries.

• People with diverse international expertise propose ideas and develop exploration and research methods.

• Exploration careers require interest, commitment, study, and apprenticeships, potentially through vocational schools, colleges, and universities.

• Accurate and timely public communication supports informed decisions promoting ocean sustainability.

• Ocean understanding integrates data and technologies from computer science, engineering, biology, geology, chemistry, and physics.

• National and international political, social, and scientific engagement shapes opportunities, awareness, and future exploration directions.

• Global participation is needed because a single ocean connects and sustains life.

• The ocean covers 70% of Earth.
• the 2021 sheet combines mapping, observation, and exploration in a less-than-20% estimate. Temperature, light, salinity, depth, vastness, and pressure create exploration challenges requiring technologies with strengths and limitations.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Treat the 2021 combined less-than-20% statement as historical, not a current statistic. Distinguish high-resolution seafloor mapping, site observation, and ecosystem understanding; retain approximately 70% surface coverage and the physical challenges.

• oceanexplorer.noaa.gov

• Models and simulations help describe, manipulate representations of, and experiment with ocean systems to understand interactions, connections, and interdependence.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Simulations run representations through time; experimenting with a model is not manipulating the entire real ocean. New data can improve models without eliminating uncertainty or providing universal real-time coverage.

• Models are physical, mathematical, or logical representations of entities, processes, and phenomena, exemplified by circulation patterns.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Simulations run representations through time; experimenting with a model is not manipulating the entire real ocean. New data can improve models without eliminating uncertainty or providing universal real-time coverage.

• Model accuracy is limited by system knowledge, mathematical representation, data types and quantity over time and geography, and computing capacity.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Simulations run representations through time; experimenting with a model is not manipulating the entire real ocean. New data can improve models without eliminating uncertainty or providing universal real-time coverage.

• Satellites, seafloor and sea-surface observatories, and digital media improve models and simulations by providing extensive data across space and time.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Simulations run representations through time; experimenting with a model is not manipulating the entire real ocean. New data can improve models without eliminating uncertainty or providing universal real-time coverage.

• Simulations implement models over time to test, analyze, and experiment with representations of real ocean systems.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Simulations run representations through time; experimenting with a model is not manipulating the entire real ocean. New data can improve models without eliminating uncertainty or providing universal real-time coverage.

• Tools in space and underwater gather varied ocean data across geographic locations and times.

• Submersibles collect observations below the surface, including human-occupied, remotely operated, and autonomous underwater vehicles.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Keep the distinction between occupied, tethered remotely operated, and untethered autonomous vehicles. AUV depth, shallow-water access, endurance, and weather exposure depend on design and operations; autonomy is not unlimited energy or immunity to launch/recovery weather.

• oceanexplorer.noaa.gov

• HOVs carry scientists to depth to observe and collect samples, with compact accommodations and surface-vessel support.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Retain HOV sampling, hydrothermal-vent discoveries, support, cost, and endurance constraints. Correct the blanket exclusion of deepest-ocean access: Trieste carried people to Challenger Deep in 1960. Capabilities vary by vehicle.

• oceanexplorer.noaa.gov

• HOVs enabled major discoveries, including hydrothermal-vent life.
• the box contrasts their costs, endurance, versatility, and depth limits with robotic vehicles. Its assertion that HOVs cannot reach the deepest ocean needs correction.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Retain HOV sampling, hydrothermal-vent discoveries, support, cost, and endurance constraints. Correct the blanket exclusion of deepest-ocean access: Trieste carried people to Challenger Deep in 1960. Capabilities vary by vehicle.

• oceanexplorer.noaa.gov

• ROVs are underwater robots controlled from a ship through a tether carrying electrical power, video, and data between pilot and vehicle.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Keep the distinction between occupied, tethered remotely operated, and untethered autonomous vehicles. AUV depth, shallow-water access, endurance, and weather exposure depend on design and operations; autonomy is not unlimited energy or immunity to launch/recovery weather.

• oceanexplorer.noaa.gov

• ROVs can carry sonar, magnetometers, robotic arms, and water samplers to gather data and specimens and conduct experiments at depth.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Keep the distinction between occupied, tethered remotely operated, and untethered autonomous vehicles. AUV depth, shallow-water access, endurance, and weather exposure depend on design and operations; autonomy is not unlimited energy or immunity to launch/recovery weather.

• oceanexplorer.noaa.gov

• AUVs have onboard computer control and power and no physical operator connection.
• the sheet describes autonomous access and weather/depth advantages that require design-specific qualifications.
• AUV operators may be onshore or aboard a ship.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Keep the distinction between occupied, tethered remotely operated, and untethered autonomous vehicles. AUV depth, shallow-water access, endurance, and weather exposure depend on design and operations; autonomy is not unlimited energy or immunity to launch/recovery weather.

• oceanexplorer.noaa.gov

• AUV sensors measure physical and biological ocean features.
• freedom from a tether and onboard human constraints can extend coverage and deployment time.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Keep the distinction between occupied, tethered remotely operated, and untethered autonomous vehicles. AUV depth, shallow-water access, endurance, and weather exposure depend on design and operations; autonomy is not unlimited energy or immunity to launch/recovery weather.

• oceanexplorer.noaa.gov

• Scientists and resource managers use observations to understand ocean and climate processes and monitor water quality and activities near protected areas.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Distinguish satellite sensing from relaying in-water measurements. Radio links need a suitable surface connection; do not imply direct satellite reception from deep underwater. Repeated large-scale coverage is not observation of every depth and location. Tag data concern sampled animals.

• argo.ucsd.edu

• Satellites collect broad-scale sensor data and relay transmissions from fixed buoys, AUVs, and animals.
• transmission and coverage limitations require qualification.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Distinguish satellite sensing from relaying in-water measurements. Radio links need a suitable surface connection; do not imply direct satellite reception from deep underwater. Repeated large-scale coverage is not observation of every depth and location. Tag data concern sampled animals.

• argo.ucsd.edu

• Scientists and citizens use records from fixed buoys to investigate local and regional daily, seasonal, and annual patterns.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Distinguish satellite sensing from relaying in-water measurements. Radio links need a suitable surface connection; do not imply direct satellite reception from deep underwater. Repeated large-scale coverage is not observation of every depth and location. Tag data concern sampled animals.

• argo.ucsd.edu

• AUVs such as gliders follow predetermined paths and depths.
• relayed data describe regional ocean-surface and water-column conditions.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Distinguish satellite sensing from relaying in-water measurements. Radio links need a suitable surface connection; do not imply direct satellite reception from deep underwater. Repeated large-scale coverage is not observation of every depth and location. Tag data concern sampled animals.

• argo.ucsd.edu

• Tags on elephant seals, tuna, sea turtles, and other organisms provide information about travel, ranges, distributions, habitats, and migration.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Distinguish satellite sensing from relaying in-water measurements. Radio links need a suitable surface connection; do not imply direct satellite reception from deep underwater. Repeated large-scale coverage is not observation of every depth and location. Tag data concern sampled animals.

• argo.ucsd.edu

• Satellite cameras and radiometers provide extensive surface observations.
• NOAA and NASA data help map sea-surface temperatures and productivity.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Distinguish satellite sensing from relaying in-water measurements. Radio links need a suitable surface connection; do not imply direct satellite reception from deep underwater. Repeated large-scale coverage is not observation of every depth and location. Tag data concern sampled animals.

• argo.ucsd.edu

• Ocean-observing systems supply sustained Earth, ocean, and atmosphere data to study ocean–climate interactions and human impacts.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Define remote and in situ sensing by measurement location. The listed variables are collected across complementary instruments, not by every sensor. DNA and isotope analyses complement field data and support inference rather than directly revealing every population or food-web property.

• Observing systems combine remote sensors on satellites, aircraft, and land with in situ platforms, including ships, buoys, gliders, and sampling devices.
• power and transmission systems deliver varied measurements to shore computers.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Define remote and in situ sensing by measurement location. The listed variables are collected across complementary instruments, not by every sensor. DNA and isotope analyses complement field data and support inference rather than directly revealing every population or food-web property.

• Molecular methods, including DNA technology and isotope analysis, provide detailed organism evidence for population structure, food webs, and migration in large systems.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Define remote and in situ sensing by measurement location. The listed variables are collected across complementary instruments, not by every sensor. DNA and isotope analyses complement field data and support inference rather than directly revealing every population or food-web property.