A Terra tem um grande oceano com muitas características

• Basins include the seafloor and geological features.
• their size, shape, and features vary with lithospheric movement.

• The ocean is large but finite in space and resources.

• Seven major plates and many smaller plates form the constantly recycled lithosphere.

• Spreading ridges form new oceanic crust.
• subduction recycles older crust into the mantle.
• Subducted oceanic lithosphere returns to the mantle.

• Convergence and divergence determine seafloor features including islands, seamounts, trenches, ridges, and rift valleys.
• Plate boundaries create characteristic ridges, trenches, rifts and volcanic landforms.

• Seafloor change can be rapid during earthquakes or eruptions, or occur over millions of years through spreading.

• Tectonic activity continually creates and destroys features such as islands.

• Salinity, conductivity, freezing point, density, and pH affect ocean biological and physical characteristics.

• Salinity measures salts, including magnesium, sodium, calcium, chlorine, and potassium.
• salinity and temperature determine density.

Notas sobre a adaptação (em inglês)

Use chloride rather than elemental chlorine for seawater ions, and land ice for melt that adds ocean water. These are scientific wording clarifications, not additional CFD branches.

• Ocean pH is slightly basic and is affected by dissolved carbonate ions.

• pH balance matters to marine ecosystems including coral reefs and to the ocean’s response to additional atmospheric carbon dioxide.
• Carbonate buffering affects pH and further atmospheric carbon uptake; coral reefs are an affected ecosystem.

Notas sobre a adaptação (em inglês)

Restore the link between carbonate buffering, lower pH and future carbon uptake capacity.

• www.pmel.noaa.gov

• Ocean water is continually moving.

• Wind-driven and density-driven currents circulate ocean water.

• Coriolis, prevailing winds, continents, and other currents direct wind-driven surface currents into gyres.

• Surface currents influence subsurface currents through Ekman forces.

• The diagram gives opposite gyre rotation by hemisphere and links colder water to continental west coasts and warmer water to east coasts.

Notas sobre a adaptação (em inglês)

Qualify rotation and boundary-current directions as major subtropical gyres; the unqualified statement does not describe all gyres.

• sos.noaa.gov

• Prevailing winds and Coriolis can move surface water offshore, replaced by nutrient-rich water from below.

• Upwelling supports high productivity, especially along continental west coasts and around Antarctica.

• Temperature and salinity variations drive thermohaline circulation and density layering.

• Saltier or colder water is denser.
• denser water tends to sink and less dense water to rise.

• Densest layers flow near the seafloor with less dense water stratified above.

• Water moving from equatorial regions toward the poles cools, becomes denser, and can sink.

• The thermohaline conveyor-belt model links water movement within and among ocean basins.
• Temperature and salinity influence density-driven thermohaline circulation.

• Interbasin mixing transports heat, solids, gases, dissolved substances, and organisms.

• Circulation changes affect climate and ecosystems.

• The water cycle exchanges water between ocean and atmosphere.

• Waves transfer energy over long distances with little horizontal movement of water.

• Wind friction produces waves.
• earthquakes can generate tsunamis.

• Waves break when too steep in deep water or large relative to depth near shore.
• Deep-water steepness and wave height relative to shallow-water depth can cause breaking.

• Tides are periodic rises and falls of surface water level.

• Solar and lunar gravity and Earth’s rotation produce tides.

• Tides vary cyclically with the relative positions of Moon, Sun, and Earth.

• Sea level is the average height of the ocean relative to land.

• Sea level differs between places and changes over time.

• Atmospheric pressure and prevailing winds affect regional sea level.

• Sea-surface height differences help set currents in motion.

• Lithospheric movement changes basin volume and land height.

• Temperature changes affect ice growth or melt and seawater expansion or contraction.

Notas sobre a adaptação (em inglês)

Use chloride rather than elemental chlorine for seawater ions, and land ice for melt that adds ocean water. These are scientific wording clarifications, not additional CFD branches.

• Human effects on global climate affect sea level.