Океанът и животът в океана оформят Земята

• Many geological changes occur where ocean meets land.

• Constructive and destructive processes together shape coastal landforms.

• Physical, chemical and biological processes weather rocks, soils and minerals.

• Organisms cause physical weathering, as when sea urchins grind rock.
• Organisms physically weather rock; sea urchins are an example.

• Organic acids from organisms promote chemical weathering.
• Organic acids from organisms promote chemical weathering.

• Cracks make further weathering more likely.
• Cracks expose surfaces to further weathering.

• Chemical weathering changes minerals through hydrolysis, oxidation and acidification.
• Chemical weathering includes hydrolysis, oxidation and acidification.

• Physical weathering includes freeze–thaw, salt growth, hydraulic action, pressure release, wind abrasion and thermal expansion.
• Physical weathering includes freeze-thaw, salt crystallization, hydraulic action, pressure release, wind abrasion and thermal expansion.

• Wind, rain, waves, ice, gravity and organisms move and deposit material, changing coastlines.

• Storms cause rapid changes with short- and long-term consequences.

• Wave and flow conditions change beach profiles seasonally.

• Strong winter waves can remove beach sediment and gentler summer waves rebuild beaches.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Seasonal erosion/rebuilding depends on local wave climate; do not universalize winter/summer directions.

Printed P6 C4 concerns culture; coastal storm hazards are P6 C5.

• River sediment can replace sand removed by waves and currents.

• Sea-level change shapes the land surface.

• Climate and tectonics affect sea level.

• Climate changes ice storage, ocean water volume and sea level.
• Changing land-ice volume changes ocean-water volume and sea level.

• Sea-level change exposes or covers shelves, islands, terraces, beaches and inland seas.

• Marine fossils, ancient reefs and former beaches inland record earlier marine settings.

• Tectonic uplift and subduction affect sea level relative to land.

• Oceanic/continental plate interactions cause volcanism, earthquakes and mountain building.

• Many rocks exposed on land formed in ocean settings.

• Volcanoes, hot spots and ridges form igneous rocks.

• Subduction settings can form metamorphic rocks.

• Marine sediment accumulation contributes to sedimentary rocks.

• Biological carbonate and silica structures contribute to rocks and reefs.
• microbial structures include stromatolites.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Explain microbial trapping, binding and precipitation. Keep the long fossil record without treating every stromatolite as a cyanobacterial skeleton or asserting a universal age range.

• www.nps.gov

• Cyanobacteria, coralline algae and corals build complex structures.

• Cyanobacterial mats trap sediment and build stromatolites.
• Microbial sediment trapping and construction build layered stromatolites.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Explain microbial trapping, binding and precipitation. Keep the long fossil record without treating every stromatolite as a cyanobacterial skeleton or asserting a universal age range.

• www.nps.gov

• Stromatolites are important in the fossil record of early life over billions of years.

Бележки за адаптацията (на английски)

Explain microbial trapping, binding and precipitation. Keep the long fossil record without treating every stromatolite as a cyanobacterial skeleton or asserting a universal age range.

• www.nps.gov

• Coral carbonate skeletons build reefs.
• Coral skeletons accumulate into reef frameworks.

• Mollusk shells, foraminifera, coccoliths, radiolarians and diatom walls contribute sedimentary material.
• Radiolarian skeletons and diatom walls supply silica sediment.
• Marine carbonate particles include foraminiferal shells, coccoliths and coralline algae.